Bab I Internasional Bisnis
Globalisasi
Pergeseran perekonmian yang terintegrasi dan saling bergantung diseluruh dunia
Dua komponen globalisasi :
- Globalisasi pasar : perusahaan menawarkan produk standar keseluruh dunia guna menciptakan pasar dunia
- Globalisasi produksi : mengacu pada sumber barang & jasa dari lokasi diseluruh dunia untuk mengambil keuntungan dan perbedaan dalam biaya atau kualitas dari factor-faktor produksi yaitu buruh, tanah & modal.
Bisnis internasional
- All business transaction that involve two or more countries
- Transaksi bisnis diantara lebih dari dua Negara
Mengapa perusahaan terlibat dalam bisnis internasional ?
- Untuk perluasan
- Memperoleh sumber
- Diversivikasi sumber penjualan & perlengkapan
- Meminimalkan resiko kompetitif
Alasan untuk pertumbuhan bisnis internasional
- Perluasan teknologi
- Gerakan Liberalisasi cross-border
- Pendukung pengembangan pengaturan kelembagaan
- Peningkatan persaingan global
- Globalisasi produksi
Mode bisnis internasional
- Ekspor-impor
- Kinerja layanan
- Penggunaan asset
- Investasi
Pengaruh eksternal pada bisnis internasional
- Memahami manajer fisik & social lingkungan
- Hidup perusahaan membutuhkan pengetahuan tentang opersi bisnis, pengetahuan kerja ilmu politik, hokum, sosiologi, ekonomi & geografi
Evolusi strategi dalam proses internasionalisasi
- Pola ekspansi:pasip:eksternal untuk penanganan internal perusahaan;Terbatas pada mode operasi yang luas
- Memperdalam modus komitmen
- Diversifikasi geografis (latar belakang budaya yang sama)
- Lompatan ekspansi: perusahaan mulai dengan focus global
Munculnya lembaga global: globalisasi telah menciptakan kebutuhan istitusi untuk membantu mengelola,mengatur,dan posisis pasar global.
- GAT
- WTO
- IMF
- Bank dunia
- PBB
Maka factor yang mendasari kecenderungan globalisasi yang lebih besar: penurunan hambatan perdagangan, dan perubahan tehnologi
Mengubah demografi ekonomi dunia
- Dunia output dan perdagangan
- Mengubah investasi asing langsung
- Mengubah sifat perusahaan multinasional: mini perusahaan multinasional, perusahaan multinasional non as
Globalisasi debat-pro
- Turunkan harga barang dan jasa
- Stimulasi pertumbuhan ekonomi
- Kenaikan pendapatan konsumen
- Menciptakan pekerjaan
- Negara-negara mengkhususkan diri dalam produksi barang dan jasa yang di produksi paling efisien
Globalisasi debat-kontra
- Menghancurkan pekerjaan manufakturdi kaya, Negara-negara maju
- Tingkat upah pekerja tidak terampil di Negara-negara maju menurun
- Perusahaan bergerak ke Negara-negara dengan tenaga kerja lebih sedikit dan peratuan lingkungan
- Hilangnya kedaulatan
Characteristics of Culture :
• Learned behavior
• Interrelated elements
• Adaptive
• Shared
Social Structure :
• Individuals, families, and groups
– Importance of family
– Definition of family
– Importance of individual relative to the group
• Social stratification – categorization based on birth, occupation, educational achievements
• Social mobility – ability to move from one stratum of society to another
Values and Attitudes :
• Values: accepted principles and standards
• Attitudes: actions, feelings, and thoughts that result from values
– Time
– Age
– Education
– Status
• Theories of CultureHall’s Low-Context, High-Context Approach
• Cultural Cluster Approach
• Hofstede’s Five Dimensions
Understanding New Cultures :
• Self-reference criterion
• Cultural literacy
• Acculturation
BAB 3 LEGAL, TECHNOLOGICAL AND POLITICAL FORCES
The Legal Environment
While domestic firms must follow laws and customs of home country, international businesses must obey laws of home country and all host countries.
Legal Systems
· Common Law
o Based on wisdom of judges’ decisions on individual cases through history
o Cases create legal precedents
· Civil Law
o Based on codification of what is and is not permissible
o Originated in biblical times with the Romans
o Reinforced by French Napoleonic code
o Judge determines scope of evidence collected and presented
· Religious Law
o Based on the officially established rules governing faith and practice of a particular religion
o A country that applies religious law to civil and criminal conduct is called a theocracy
· Bureaucratic Law
Arbitration
Arbitration is the process by which both parties to a conflict agree to submit their cases to a private individual or body whose decision they will honor.
BAB 4 INTERNASIONAL TRADE AND INVESMENT THEORY
International Trade :
• Trade: voluntary exchange of goods, services, assets, or money between one person or organization and another
• International trade: trade between residents of two countries
Classical Country-Based Trade Theories :
• Mercantilism
o A country’s wealth is measured by its holdings of gold and silver
o A country’s goal should be to enlarge holdings of gold and silver by
– Promoting exports
– Discouraging imports
• Absolute Advantage
o Export those goods and services for which a country is more productive than other countries
o Import those goods and services for which other countries are more productive than it is
• Comparative Advantage
o Produce and export those goods and services for which it is relatively more productive than other countries
o Import those goods and services for which other countries are relatively more productive than it is
• Comparative Advantage with Money
o One is better off specializing in what one does relatively best
o Produce and export those goods and services one is relatively best able to produce
o Buy other goods and services from people who are better at producing them
• Relative Factor Endowments
Modern Firm-Based Trade Theories :
• Country Similarity Theory
o Explains the phenomenon of intraindustry trade
– Trade between two countries of goods produced by the same industry
ü Japan exports Toyotas to Germany
ü Germany exports BMWs to Japan
• Product Life Cycle Theory
o Describes the evolution of marketing strategies
o Stages
– New product
– Maturing product
– Standardized product
• Global Strategic Rivalry Theory
o Firms struggle to develop sustainable competitive advantage
o Advantage provides ability to dominate global marketplace
o Focus: strategic decisions firms use to compete internationally
• Porter’s National Competitive Advantage
o Success in trade comes from the interaction of four country and firm specific elements
– Factor conditions
– Demand conditions
– Related and supporting industries
– Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry
Bab 5 International Strategic Management
International Strategic Management
Comprehensive and ongoing management planning process aimed at formulating and implementing strategies that enable a firm to compete effectively internationally
Sources of Competitive Advantage for International Businesses
- Global efficiencies
- Multinational flexibility
- Worldwide learning
Strategic Alternatives
- Home replication strategy
- Multidomestic strategy
- Global strategy
- Transnational strategy
Steps in International Strategy Formulation
- Develop a Mission Statement
- Perform a SWOT Analysis
- Set Strategic Goals
- Develop Tactical
- Goals and Plans
- Develop a Control Framework
SWOT Analysis
- Strengths
- Weaknesses
- Opportunities
- Threats
BAB 6 The International Monetary System and the Balance of Payments
BOP Statistics
- Identify emerging markets
- Warn of possible new policies
- Indicate reductions in a country’s foreign-exchange reserves
- Signal increased riskiness of lending to particular countries
Major Components of the BOP Accounting System
- Current Account
- Capital Account
- Official Reserves
- Errors and Omissions
Errors and Omissions
- BOP must balance
- Current Account + Capital Account + Official Reserves Account = 0
- Current Account + Capital Account + Official Reserves Account + Errors and Omissions = 0
